Volume 80 - Issue 2 (June 2015)

The Editorial Committee gratefully acknowledges and thanks the following people who reviewed manuscripts for Castanea during 2014.

CASTANEA REVIEWERS FOR 2014

Scott Abella
Matthew Albrecht
Allan J. Bornstein
J. Stephen Brewer
Irwin M. Brodo
Cameron Carlyle
Susan C. Carr
Stacy L. Clark
Wayne K. Clatterbuck
Carolyn Copenheaver
Jenny Cruse Sanders
Theresa Culley
Margaret S. Devall
Rivka Fidel
Thomas Foti
Alan R. Franck
Alan Fryday
Nicolas Garcia
Frank S. Gilliam
Matthew A. Gitzendanner
Jeff Glitzenstein
Joel M. Gramling
Curtis J. Hansen
Tracy S. Hawkins
David J. Hicks
Charles N. Horn
J. Matthew Jones
Brian R. Keener
David Knochel
Robert Lucking
Brett A. McMillan
Jon Mendelson
J. Mincy Moffett
Rebecca A. Montgomery
Zack Murrell
L. John Musselman
John B. Nelson
Howard S. Neufeld
Erik T. Nilsen
James Padgett
William J. Platt
Pedro F. Quintana-Ascencio
Johnny Randall
Christopher S. Reid
Donald G. Ruch
Paul Schmaltzer
Ken Smith
William K. Smith
Debra Stults
Jimmy Triplett
Erica J. Wheeler
Theo Witsell
George Yatskievych
Wendy B. Zomlefer

Spiranthes praecox (Walter) S. Watson (Orchidaceae)— Stoddard County, Missouri: Otter Slough Conservation Area. Ditch along extension of Co. Rd 686. Between levee and edge of woods. Saturated to emergent wetland. Drier open margin of saturated ground near base of berm. Two stems observed. T24N R9E S8 SE4 SE4. 31 May 2000. A.E. Brant 4383 with Paul McKenzie and Janeen Laatch (MO).

Significance
While reviewing specimens for a systematic revision of Spiranthes Rich. by the first author, a specimen of Spiranthes vernalis Engelm. & A. Gray was determined to be Spiranthes praecox (Walter) S. Watson. This is the first record of S. praecox from Missouri, a species that is primarily found throughout the Coastal Plain from Long Island, New York, to peninsular Florida, and west to south central Arkansas (Clark Co.).

Since the early 1980s, Beavers’ Meadow in Barbour County, West Virginia, has been well known for large populations of the orchids Cleistes bifaria and Platanthera ciliaris. Seven taxa of special concern in West Virginia were present at that time: Andropogon glomeratus var. glomeratus, Athyrium filix-femina subsp. angustum, C. bifaria, Rhynchospora recognita, Sericocarpus linifolius, Scleria triglomerata, and Xyris torta. We present a description of the 7.4-ha meadow today, an inventory of its species, and some comparisons to the flora as it was reported 26 years ago. Collections were first made in June 2007; parallel transects approximately every 3–5 m were walked once each in May and June 2009, twice monthly in July through September 2009, and once each in May and June 2010. Additional specimens were collected in 2011, 2013, and 2014. We identified 320 vascular plant taxa in 192 genera and 67 families. The taxon list includes 31 county records and one state record, Scleria verticillata. All seven species of concern documented 26 years ago were observed between 2007 and 2014. Three additional state-rare species were found: Calopogon tuberosus var. tuberosus, Pycnanthemum torrei, and Spiranthes lucida. Exotic taxa numbered 65, making up 20.3% of the flora. Establishment and maintenance of the diverse flora has probably been promoted by hydrologic gradients, low nutrient levels, and various anthropogenic activities, including annual rotary mowing that took place from the 1950s through 2003 and resumed in 2009.

ABSTRACT We studied the habitat characteristics of Spiraea virginiana Britton (Virginia spiraea), a federally threatened riparian shrub, along eight rivers in western North Carolina. Comparisons between plots with and without S. virginiana revealed that S. virginiana plots were on steep, south-facing slopes and had a higher percentage of large substrate, lower herbaceous and vine cover, higher non–S. virginiana shrub density, lower tree influence, and higher visible sky than control plots. When relating these habitat attributes to the presence/absence of S. virginiana using conditional logistic regression, only substrate size and non–S. virginiana shrub density had significant effects on S. virginiana presence. Principal components analysis (PCA) of all plots (S. virginiana and control) found S. virginiana plots separating from controls that had higher vine and herb cover and lower non–S. virginiana shrub density and slope. Spiraea virginiana plots at the Cheoah River separated from other sites by having greater substrate size and tree influence, and lower visible sky and herb cover. Regression analysis between S. virginiana volume and PCA axes (of plots with S. virginiana only) indicated that volume increased with increasing small substrate, visible sky and non–S. virginiana shrub density, but decreased with increasing tree influence, herb and vine cover, and decreasing slope. Spiraea virginiana restoration efforts should focus on habitats with the attributes described in this study to favor its presence. To ensure S. virginiana vigor, competition from trees, non–S. virginiana shrubs, vines and herbs, especially aggressive nonnative species, should be reduced.

ABSTRACT Length of time since agricultural abandonment, variations in topography and soil, and forest fragmentation associated with suburban development can influence dominant vegetation and foster exotic species invasion in a secondary successional forest. The Middle Patuxent Environmental Area (MPEA) in Maryland is a regrowth forest adjacent to suburban sprawl that was abandoned from agriculture at staggered rates. I surveyed vegetation throughout the MPEA to investigate how these interrelated factors have influenced species distribution and abundance. My predictions were that time since abandonment would explain the broader differences in forest succession, but that topography and an interface with suburbia would be the strongest determinants of smaller-scale species discrepancies within an area of similar abandonment history. I performed a hard noise clustering analysis using the R package vegclust to classify the MPEA into herbaceous, shrub, and tree communities each dominated by similar species. Tree communities differed distinctly in accordance with agricultural abandonment, proximity to suburban edges, and soil nutrients, with sun-tolerant Liriodendron tulipifera dominating in more recently reforested areas versus the shadetolerant Fagus grandifolia and Carpinus caroliniana in longer-forested sites. Shrub and herbaceous communities also displayed some pattern reflecting length of reforestation, but there was a greater dominance of invasive species in these strata. A prevalence of disturbance, and a resulting encroachment into the mature forest understory of invasive species such as the grass Microstegium vimineum, underscores the need for invasive species management in a suburban forest fragment to span various stages of succession.

ABSTRACT In the beech-maple forest at Warren Woods State Park, the importance values of Fagus grandifolia and Acer saccharum have increased compared with their values from the 1829 Government Land Office survey of the same area—a small increase for F. grandifolia and a large increase for A. saccharum. For F. grandifolia the greatest increase between 1829 and 2014 was in basal area per tree, suggesting that numbers had not increased as much as size; while for A. saccharum the greatest increase was in all relative metrics, but not in basal per tree, indicating that abundance only had increased. From 1933 to the present, all size classes of F. grandifolia, except for the juvenile size class, decreased in density, while only the juvenile size class of A. saccharum decreased. Seedling densities for both species are highly variable from year to year, the highest densities occurring in years with deepest snow cover. For A. saccharum, high densities were probably the result of optimal germination temperatures due to prolonged snow cover. For F. grandifolia, the high seedling density in 2014 may have been due to an abundant seed crop and low seed predation on snow-covered seeds. The relative increase in A. saccharum and the concomitant decrease in F. grandifolia may be due, in part, to higher mortality of larger F. grandifolia trees due to windthrow. This differential mortality may be exacerbated with the increased frequency and severity of storms predicted to occur with global climate change.

ABSTRACT Maryland shale barren (savanna) communities support rare, threatened, and endangered species, but biodiversity conservation sites are transitioning to pignut hickory woodland and forest as a result of fire exclusion. In Green Ridge State Forest, an exemplary community was studied for vegetation change after pignut hickory management and a prescribed burn. Portions of contiguous chestnut oak (Quercus montana) and streamside hardwood communities were also included. Prerestoration herbaceous layer characteristics were quantified in 2010 using transect plots before hickories were killed by herbicide. A prescribed burn was conducted in November 2011 followed by resampling in 2013. In the barren community, Carex pensylvanica remained the dominant herbaceous layer species, but codominant species changed. Ground cover increased from 63% to 76%, species richness from 48 to 52, and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H0) from 3.138 to 3.373. In the chestnut oak forest, the dominant herbaceous layer species changed, ground cover increased from 15% to 65%, species richness from 22 to 29, and H0 from 2.578 to 2.686. In the streamside community, ground cover increased from 50% to 83%, species richness from 38 to 50, and H0 from 3.114 to 3.319. Results emphasize the biodiversity importance of woody plant management and periodic ground fires to shale barren restoration.

Dr. Elsie Quarterman, known fondly to her students as EQ, passed away on 9 June 2014 at her home in Nashville, Tennessee, at the age of 103 years. She was born on 28 November 1910 in Valdosta, Georgia. Dr. Quarterman obtained her B.A. degree from Georgia State Women’s College (now Valdosta State University) in 1932, after which she taught English in the Georgia public schools for 11 years. She obtained her M.A. degree in botany from Duke University in 1941 and her Ph.D. from the same institution in 1949. Her Ph.D. advisor was the renowned plant ecologist, Professor Henry J. Oosting. EQ’s M.A. degree was on the distribution of Compositae in Lowndes County, Georgia, and her Ph.D. degree was on the plant communities of the cedar glades of middle Tennessee. She published papers from her dissertation in The Bryologist (1949), Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club (1950), and Ecology (1950).

Dr. Quarterman joined the faculty of Vanderbilt University as an instructor of biology in 1943 and was promoted through the academic ranks to professor in 1966. She served as chair of the Department of General Biology from 1961 to 1963, and retired from Vanderbilt in 1976, becoming Professor Emerita. In the academic world, Dr. Quarterman is best known for her work on the plant communities of the middle Tennessee cedar glades. She also is well known for the publication entitled ‘‘Southern Mixed Hardwood Forest: Climax in the Southeastern Coastal Plain, U.S.A.,’’ which she coauthored with her long-time friend, the late Dr. Catherine Keever and published in Ecological Monographs in 1962. Her first journal paper, entitled ‘‘A Preliminary Survey of the Bryophytes of Two Cedar Glades,’’ was published in The Bryologist in 1947. Her last paper, which she coauthored with her former Ph.D. students, Carol and Jerry Baskin, entitled ‘‘Flow Diagrams for Plant Succession in the Middle Tennessee Cedar Glades,’’ was published in the Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas in 2007. Altogether, Professor Quarterman authored or coauthored about 25 papers in refereed journals. Another of her important scientific contributions was a chapter entitled ‘‘Rock Outcrop Communities: Limestone, Sandstone, and Granite,’’ which was coauthored with M.P. Burbank and D.J. Shure and published in Biodiversity of the Southeastern United States, Upland Terrestrial Communities, edited by W.H. Martin and others and published by John Wiley & Sons in 1993. Additionally, after retirement EQ and Dr. Richard Powell, a geologist from Indiana, worked on a 5-year contract with the National Park Service to survey ecological and geological natural landmarks on the Interior Low Plateaus, a physiographic province that extends from southern Indiana, extreme southern Ohio, and southern Illinois through central/west-central Kentucky and central Tennessee to northern Alabama. The 738-page document resulting from this work, Potential Ecological/Geological Natural Landmarks on the Interior Low Plateaus, is a valuable contribution to our knowledge of the plant ecology, geology, and physiography of the Interior Low Plateaus.

Professor Quarterman taught a wide array of courses in plant biology at Vanderbilt, including general botany, plant ecology, plant autecology, plant geography, systematic botany, and plant anatomy. We took graduate courses in plant ecology, plant autecology, and plant geography with her, and today judge that her teaching was ahead of its time. That is, EQ insisted that students engage in active learning via reading the literature rather than just listening to long detailed lectures and subsequently memorizing the notes for the exam—then quickly forgetting everything. Her method of teaching and training has served us well in research and in interpreting the scientific literature. Dr. Quarterman served as major professor for seven students who obtained a Ph.D. degree, and for six who obtained master’s degrees. EQ was highly regarded as a teacher and in 1988 received the Association of Southeastern Biologists Meritorious Teaching Award.

Dr. Quarterman was a very gracious person and concerned about her graduate students. For example, in the mid-1960s, she loaned us her personal car (with gas in the tank) on a number of occasions to visit cedar glades in middle Tennessee, northwestern Georgia and northern Alabama in connection with our Ph.D. Also, Dr. Quarterman gave us money for gasoline to go on a field trip escorted by Dr. Delzie Demaree to Illinois in search of Astragalus tennesseensis (Carol’s study species), after Jerry purchased a 1957 Ford. There were many field trips to the cedar glades, about which Dr. Quarterman had considerable expertise; she was always eager to share her knowledge on their unique flora and plant communities. We, along with several other graduate students, enjoyed several trips with EQ to various universities in the southeastern USA to attend the annual meeting of the Association of Southeastern Biologists. All these acts of kindness are remembered by us and other students, with much gratitude.

Dr. Quarterman served the scientific community in many ways, including as vice president of the American Bryological Society, president of the Association of Southeastern Biologists, chair of the southeastern section of the Botanical Society of America, and member of the editorial board of Ecology and the Plant Science Bulletin. EQ was a member of the Executive Committee of the Tennessee Academy of Science, editor of the Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science, and served on the board of the Highlands Biological Foundation. Professor Quarterman was a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, of the Tennessee Academy of Science, and of the Association of Southeastern Biologists.

In addition to her university and society duties, Dr. Quarterman was very much engaged in conservation efforts, especially in Tennessee. She was a founder and active member of the Tennessee Protection Planning Committee (an interagency forum to coordinate efforts to preserve ecologically important areas in the state), a very active board member of the Tennessee Nature Conservancy for many years, and served on the Tennessee Environmental Council. Dr. Quarterman played an important role in the preservation of a remnant virgin forest in Savage Gulf on the west-facing escarpment of the Cumberland Plateau in Grundy County, Tennessee, and inspired the preservation of Taylor Hollow on the Highland Rim in Tennessee. She was involved with the Tennessee Botanical Gardens at Cheekwood in Nashville for many years and served as acting director from 1967 to 1968. She was a member of Friends of Warner Park, Friends of Radnor Lake, a strong supporter of the Middle Tennessee State University Center for Cedar Glade Studies, and worked with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to identify and preserve some of the cedar glade communities on Percy Priest Reservoir Lands. For her conservation efforts, she received the Oak Leaf Award from The Nature Conservancy, the George B. Fell Lifetime Achievement Award from the Natural Areas Association, and the Sol Feinstone Environmental Award from the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry.

Dr. Quarterman will be remembered as a fine southern lady who loved her family and students, studied cedar glades, had a deep appreciation of the value of natural ecosystems, and worked tirelessly for the preservation of natural plant communities. In her honor, a 185-acre cedar glade in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Percy Priest Reservoir and Wildlife Management Area near La Vergne, Tennessee, has been named the ‘‘The Elsie Quarterman Cedar Glade,’’ and the annual wildflower weekend at Cedars of Lebanon State Park in Tennessee has been renamed ‘‘The Elsie Quarterman Wildflower Weekend.’’ Also, the Elsie Quarterman–Catherine Keever Award is given by the Southeastern Chapter of the Ecological Society of America for the best student poster at the annual meeting of the Association of Southeastern Biologists.

The thing that many people will remember about Dr. Quarterman is that she and one of her students, the late Dr. Barbara Turner, discovered a population of the Tennessee coneflower (Echinacea tennesseensis) in a middle Tennessee cedar glade in 1969; the species was thought to be extinct, thus accounting for the great excitement upon its rediscovery. One of Dr. Quarterman’s Ph.D. students, Dr. Thomas Hemmerly, studied the ecology of this coneflower for his dissertation research. Dr. Quarterman worked hard to help educate the public about the significance of this federally endangered cedar glade endemic and served on committees to plan for its protection and recovery; the species was delisted in 2011. Now, many people in Tennessee can recognize the Tennessee Cone Flower and have come to appreciate it—a fine and fitting tribute to the lady who loved the ‘‘flower gardens’’ of the cedar glades and spent many years educating people about the wonders of plants and of the necessity of preserving their habitats.

This memorial is reprinted from Southeastern Biology 61:460–463, first published in July 2014, with kind permission from Southeastern Biology.

Carol C. Baskin
ccbask0@uky.edu
Department of Biology
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences
University of Kentucky
Lexington, Kentucky 40503

Jerry M. Baskin
Department of Biology (retired)
University of Kentucky
Lexington, Kentucky 40503

It is a sad joy to provide a few thoughts about the life of John Fairey, who passed away on Sunday, 1 February 2015. (Note to the reader: There are a number of people named ‘‘John’’ in this brief statement, so pay attention.)

John Edwards Fairey III, a beloved teacher, researcher, and friend of many, died at the Heartland of Columbia Rehabilitation and Nursing Center in Columbia, South Carolina. He was a true gentleman and a voice of botany for South Carolina, touching many colleagues and students with his cheerful attitude and positive manner.

He was born on 15 March 1940 in Orangeburg, South Carolina to Iva Lee and John E. Fairey, Jr., residents of Rowesville, South Carolina, a small town just south of the city of Orangeburg. It was here that John began a lifelong appreciation of nature, and especially plant life. The family farm in Rowesville was a natural history treasure trove, featuring ancient pecan orchards, extensive fields and forests, all on a setting of 19thcentury outbuildings and agriculture. Additionally, one of the state’s premier blackwater rivers was a short distance from the house: the floodplain forest of the Edisto River (north fork) was (and still is) visible from the back (west) side of the house.

He graduated from Orangeburg High School in 1958, and entered the University of South Carolina (USC) in Columbia that autumn. At this time, he lived in one of the two brand-new ‘‘Honeycomb’’ dorms. As a freshman, he declared a major in the Department of Biology, and took many of his classes in LeConte College, the science building, situated then and now along Pickens Street. Roundly known at the time as ‘‘Johnny,’’ he was particularly taken by the botanical aspects of the growing department, which at the time was chaired by his beloved professor and mentor, Wade T. Batson, Jr. One of my own favorite stories about John Fairey comes from another of his mentors, John M. Herr, Jr., who was also on the biology faculty at that time at USC. John Herr was teaching ‘‘Survey of the Plant Kingdom’’ in the fall of 1961, with John Fairey as a student. Professor Herr recounts that young Fairey, at the conclusion of a serious one-on-one discussion concerning the reproductive morphology of Marchantia, quietly and proudly maintained that, because of his great interest in plant life, he (Fairey) indeed intended to become a botanist. I, along with John Herr, have always been struck by the charming gravitas of this story.

John Fairey graduated with his B.S. degree in 1962. In the fall of that year he began his graduate career at West Virginia University (WVU), obtaining his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in 1964 and 1972. It was at WVU that he began his investigation of the sedge genus Scleria, under the direction of Earl Core. John was particularly pleased to be Dr. Core’s student, one of Core’s very last, and often commented with pride concerning his academic ‘‘parentage,’’ which stretched back to N.L. Britton, who had been Core’s advisor. John’s love of botany was further deepened by his close association in Morgantown with Jesse Clovis, Roy Clarkson, and especially his close friend and confidante, Elizabeth Ann (Betty) Bartholomew. This was a time of great botanical activity at WVU, as well as the growth of the Southern Appalachian Botanical Club, in which John was very active. He served within the club as its vice president in 1981 and as president in 1982.

In 1968 he joined the faculty at Clemson University within its Department of Botany and Microbiology, and served officially as curator of its herbarium until 1977. He remained at Clemson until retiring in 1998, all the time closely involved with the vascular plant collection. John’s first graduate student was William Ann Barnes, who developed her thesis around the plant life of Lake Issaqueena, in Pickens County. My experience with John Fairey began in 1973, as I was just arriving at Clemson from USC, ready to start work on my M.S. degree in botany, along with Jake Bickley, also from Columbia. Jake and I had been students of Professor Batson at Carolina, and it was Batson himself who strongly urged the two of us to get into the graduate school at Clemson. Dr. B was serious about this, maintaining that Clemson’s botany program was indeed a good place to go. I’ll never forget his phraseology: ‘‘Its [Clemson’s] star is rising!’’ It was advice that I took, and one of the best decisions I ever made.

That particular term, Dr. Fairey had taken on at least six M.S. candidates, along with his various teaching and committee responsibilities. It was a very busy time for all involved, and yet Fairey always made time for his students. I was so busy that first semester that I hardly had time to think how stretched out I was getting. The semester after that, I had started wondering if I had made the right decision with grad school at all; my professor came to the rescue. Somehow he knew that I might actually have some potential as a botanist, and drawing me aside, encouraged me to stick it out. I did.

John’s classes and force of personality far preceded him. His field trip courses were legendary, with undergraduates and grad students alike commonly remembering his classes as the best they had ever had. He regularly hauled students for an overnight outing to a place near the coast called Bear Island, which involved shepherding two van loads of students through collecting stops in the Sandhills and Coastal Plain, arriving after dark in that remote section of Colleton County. The botany of the place was fascinating, and the gators and mosquitos also memorable. At the end of one of these trips, the vans were as filled with insects as they were with students, and John was reprimanded by the motor pool for all of the blood smeared on the interior of the vehicles.

During my student days and now as a teacher, I’ve always basically thought that botanists are pretty nice people. John Fairey was one of the nicest, always willing to share his time and knowledge with whomever needed it. One of his great virtues was that of generosity: he was eager to help out those around him, frequently offering his home as a temporary dwelling place as needed, and quick to engage with his students socially. He was one of the most humble and easygoing people you could ever know, quick to smile and offer a laugh. He wasn’t above poking fun at himself, either. John’s great interest in photography and incorporating slide shows into his lectures got him into a bit of trouble, with thousands of unsorted slides taking up most of the space in his home, which was always the cause of good-natured ribbing from his students. He loved to travel and he loved to tell stories, and each of his various trips would result subsequently in an animated travelogue and slide show, of course.

More recently, and after retirement, John Fairey became deeply involved with local conservation efforts in central South Carolina, devoting considerable time as a board member for the Congaree Land Trust, whose offices are in Columbia. In 2007, John and his brother Danny made possible the permanent protection of portions of high quality bottomlands along the Edisto River, as well as associated farmland. In all, 2.214 acres were protected.

He was a one-of-a-kind colleague and friend, and will be missed by many.

John Nelson

nelson@sc.edu

A.C. Moore Herbarium

University of South Carolina

Columbia, South Carolina 29208